Note

Created: 2020-08-21 14:57:20 Platform: Email Email
Title Cyprus during the Iron Age through the Persian Period
Note: Cyprus from the 11th BCE to around 350BCE. This is chapter 53 from the Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Cyprus during the Iron Age which includes the period of interest.
Tags:
URLs in Note:
DOIs in Note:
Attachments
Title 00_MargreetLSteiner_Prelims.indd
Author chithra
    DOIs in Attachment
URLs and Resources in Attachments
References

Amandry , M. ( 1984 ). Le monnayage d’Amathonte. In P. Aupert and M.-C. Hellmann (eds),
Amathonte I: Testimonia, pt 1: Auteurs anciens, monnayage, voyageurs, fouilles, origines,
g é ographie . Paris : Recherche sur les civilisations /Athens: É cole fran ç aise d’Ath è nes, 57–76.

Aubet , M. E . ( 2004 ). Th e Phoenician Cemetery of Tyre-Al Bass: Excavations 1997–1999. Beirut :
Minist è re de la culture, direction g é n é rale des antiquit é s .

—— and F. J. Nu ñ ez ( 2008 ). Cypriot imports from the Phoenician cemetery of Tyre Al-Bass. In
C. Doumet-Serhal (ed.), Networking Patterns of the Bronze and Iron Age Levant: Th e Lebanon
and Its Mediterranean Connections . London : Lebanese British Friends of the National
Museum , 71–104.

Aupert , P . ( 1996 ). Guide d’Amathonte . Athens : É cole fran ç aise d’Ath è nes /Nicosia: A. G. Leventis
Foundation/Paris: De Boccard.

Bell , C . ( 2006 ). Th e Evolution of Long Distance Trading Relationships across the LBA/Iron Age
Transition on the Northern Levantine Coast: Crisis, Continuity and Change—A Study Based
on Imported Ceramics, Bronze and Its Constituent Metals . Oxford : Archaeopress .

Bikai , P. M. ( 1978 ). Th e Pottery of Tyre . Warminster : Aris & Phillips .
—— ( 1983 ). Appendix II: Th e imports from the East. In Karageorghis (1983: 396–406).
—— ( 1987 ). Th e Phoenician Pottery of Cyprus . Nicosia : A. G. Leventis Foundation with the

assistance of the J. Paul Getty Trust .
Boardman , J . ( 1999 ). Th e excavated history of Al Mina. In G. R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), Ancient

Greeks, West and East . Leiden : Brill , 135–61.
Bourogiannis , G . ( 2009 ). Eastern infl uence on Rhodian geometric pottery: foreign elements

and local receptiveness. In V. Karageorghis and O. Kouka (eds), Cyprus and the East
Aegean: Intercultural Contacts from 3000 to 500 BC . Nicosia : A. G. Leventis Foundation ,
114–30.

Brock , J. K. ( 1957 ). Fortetsa: Early Greek Tombs Near Knossos . Cambridge : Cambridge University
Press .

Buchholz , H.-G. , H. Matth ä us , and K. Walcher ( 2002 ). Th e royal tombs of Tamassos . Cahiers du
Centre d’études chypriotes 32 : 219–42 .

Catling , H. W. ( 1995 ). Heroes returned? Subminoan burials from Crete. In J. B. Carter and S. P.
Morris (eds), Th e Ages of Homer: A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule . Austin: University
of Texas Press , 123–36.

—— and E. A. Catling ( 1980 ). Th e mould and crucible fragments: the foundry refuse. In M. R.
Popham , L. H. Sackett , and P. G. Th emelis (eds), Lefk andi I: Th e Iron Age. Th e Settlements, the
Cemeteries . London : Th ames & Hudson for the British School of Athens , 93–7.

Christou , D . ( 1996 ). K υπρο -A ρχαϊκή M νημειακή Ταφική A ρχιτεκτονική . Nicosia : Department
of Antiquities, Cyprus .

—— ( 1998 ). Cremations in the Western Necropolis of Amathous. In V. Karageorghis and N. C.
Stampolides (eds), Eastern Mediterranean: Cyprus, Dodecanese, Crete, 16th–6th Cent. B.C .
Athens : University of Crete/A. G. Leventis Foundation , 207–16.

Coldstream , J. N. ( 1977 ). Geometric Greece . New York : St. Martins .
—— ( 1984 ). Cypriaca and Cretocypriaca from the North Cemetery of Knossos . Report of the

Department of Antiquities, Cyprus 1984 : 122–37 .
—— ( 1985 ). Archaeology in Cyprus 1960–1985: the Geometric and Archaic periods. In V.

Karageorghis (ed.), Archaeology in Cyprus 1960–1985 . Nicosia : A. G. Leventis Foundation ,
47–59.

53_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 81753_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 817 11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM



 the archaeological record

—— ( 1995 ). Amathus Tomb NW 194: the Greek pottery imports . Report of the
Department of Antiquities, Cyprus 1995: 187–98 .

—— ( 1998 ). Light from Cyprus on the Greek ‘Dark Age’? A Lecture Delivered at the Ashmolean
Museum, Oxford, on 5th May, 1997 . Oxford : Leopards Head Press .

—— and P. M. Bikai ( 1988 ). Early Greek pottery in Tyre and Cyprus: some preliminary
comparisons . Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus : 35–44 .

—— and H. W. Catling ( 1996 ). Knossos North Cemetery: Early Greek Tombs (4 vols). London :
British School at Athens .

Collombier , A.-M . ( 1991a ). É critures et soci é t é s à Chypre à l ’ Âge du fer. In C. Baurain , C.
Bonnet , and V. Krings (eds), Phoinikeia Grammata: lire et é crire en M é diterran é e . Namur :
Soci é t é des é tudes classiques , 425–47.

—— ( 1991b ). Organisation du territoire et pouvoirs locaux dans l’île de Chypre à l’époque perse .
Transeuphrat è ne 4 : 21–43 .

Courbin , P . ( 1957 ). Une tombe g é om é trique d’Argos . Bulletin de correspondance hell é nique 81 :
322–86 .

Desborough , V. d’A. ( 1957 ). A group of vases from Amathus . Journal of Hellenistic Studies 77 :
212–19 .

—— ( 1980 ). Th e Dark Age Pottery (SM–SPG III) from settlement and cemeteries. In M. R.
Popham , L. H. Sackett , and P. G. Th emelis (ed.), Lefk andi I: Th e Iron Age . London : Th ames &
Hudson for the British School at Athens , 281–350.

Destrooper-Georgiades , A . ( 1984 ). Le tr é sor de Larnaca (IGCH) 1272 r é examin é . Report of the
Department of Antiquities, Cyprus : 140–61 .

—— ( 1993 ). Continuit é s et ruptures dans le monnayage chypriote à l’époque ach é m é nide .
Transeuphrat è ne 6 : 87–101 .

—— ( 1995 ). La numismatique partim Orient. In V. Krings (ed.), La civilisation ph é nicienne et
punique: manuel de recherche . Leiden : Brill , 148–65.

—— ( 2002 ). Les royaumes de Kition et Idalion aux Ve et IVe si è cles . Cahiers du Centre d’études
chypriotes 32 : 351–68 .

Elayi , J . ( 1992 ). Le ph é nom è ne mon é taire dans les cit é s ph é niciennes à l ’ époque perse. In T.
Hackens and G. Moucharte (eds), Numismatique et histoire é conomique ph é niciennes et
puniques: Actes du colloque tenu à Louvain-la-Neuve, 13–16 mai 1987 . Louvain-la-Neuve :
S é minaire de numismatique Marcel Hoc, Universit é Catholique de Louvain , 21–31.

Faegersten , F . ( 2003 ). Th e Egyptianizing Male Limestone Statuary from Cyprus: A Study of a
Cross-Cultural Eastern Mediterranean Votive Type . Lund : Department of Archaeology and
Ancient History, Lund University .

Fourrier , S . ( 2007 ). La coroplastie chypriote archa ï que: identit é s culturelles et politiques à l’époque
des royaumes . Paris : Maison de l’Orient et de la M é diterran é e .

—— and A. Hermary ( 2006 ). Amathonte VI: le Sanctuaire d’Aphrodite des origines au d é but de
l’époque imp é riale. Paris : É cole fran ç aise d’Ath è nes .

Georgiou , G . ( 2009 ). Th ree stone sarcophagi from a Cypro-Classical tomb at Kition . Cahiers du
Centre d’études chypriotes 39 : 113–39 .

Gilboa , A . ( 1999 ). Th e view from the east: Tel Dor and the earliest Cypro-Geometric exports to
the Levant. In M. Iacovou and D. Michaelides (eds), Cyprus: Th e Historicity of the Geometric
Horizon. Nicosia : Archaeological Research Unit, University of Cyprus , 119–39.

—— ( 2001 ). Th e signifi cance of Iron Age ‘Wavy-Band’ pithoi along the Syro-Palestinian littoral,
with reference to the Tel Dor pithoi. In S. R. Wolff (ed.), Studies in the Archaeology of Israel
and Neighboring Lands in Memory of Douglas L. Esse . Chicago : Oriental Institute of the
University of Chicago /Atlanta, Ga.: American Schools of Oriental Research, 163–74.

53_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 81853_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 818 11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM



cyprus during the iron age through the persian period 

—— ( 2005 ). Sea Peoples and Phoenicians along the southern Phoenician coast: a reconciliation.
An interpretation of Sikila (SKL) material culture . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental
Research 337 : 47–78 .

—— I. Sharon , and E. Boaretto ( 2008 ). Tel Dor and the chronology of Phoenician ‘pre-
colonisation’ stages. In C. Sagona (ed.), Beyond the Homeland: Markers in Phoenician
Chronology. Leuven : Peeters , 113–204.

Gjerstad , E . ( 1948 ). Th e Swedish Cyprus Expedition IV, pt 2: Th e Cypro-Geometric, Cypro-Archaic
and Cypro-Classical Periods . Stockholm : Swedish Cyprus Expedition .

—— J. Lindros , E. Sj ö qvist , and A. Westholm ( 1934 ). Th e Swedish Cyprus Expedition I: Finds and
Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927–1931 . Stockholm : Swedish Cyprus Expedition .

—— ( 1935 ). Th e Swedish Cyprus Expedition II: Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus
1927–1931 . Stockholm : Swedish Cyprus Expedition .

Goring , E . ( 1983 ). Appendix VI: Techniques of the Palaepaphos-Skales jewellery. In V.
Karageorghis (ed.), Palaepaphos-Skales: An Iron Age Cemetery in Cyprus . Konstanz :
Universit ä tsverlag , 418–22.

—— ( 1988 ). A Mischievous Pastime: Digging in Cyprus in the Nineteenth Century—With a
Catalogue of the Exhibition ‘Aphrodite’s Island: Art and Archaeology of Ancient Cyprus’ Held
in the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh from 14 April to 4 September 1988 . Edinburgh :
National Museums of Scotland/Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation .

Hadjicosti , M . ( 1988 ). Appendix IV, pt 1: ‘Canaanite’ jars from Maa-Palaeokastro. In V.
Karageorghis and M. Demas, Excavations at Maa-Palaeokastro, 1979–1986 . Nicosia :
Department of Antiquities, Cyprus , 340–81.

—— ( 1997 ). Th e kingdom of Idalion in the light of new evidence . Bulletin of the American
Schools of Oriental Research 308 : 49–63 .

Henke , J.-M . ( 2009 ). Cypriote terracottas from Miletus. In V. Karageorghis and O. Kouka (eds),
Cyprus and the East Aegean: Intercultural Contacts from 3000 to 500 BC . Nicosia : A. G.
Leventis Foundation , 206–17.

Hermary , A . ( 1989 ). Catalogue des antiquit é s de Chypre: sculptures, Mus é e du Louvre,
D é partement des antiquit é s orientales . Paris : R é union des Mus é es Nationaux .

—— ( 1991 ). Les d é buts de la grande plastique chypriote en terre cuite. In F. Vandenabeele and
R. Laffi neur (eds), Cypriote Terracottas: Proceedings of the First International Conference of
Cypriote Studies, Brussels–Li è ge–Amsterdam, 29 May–1 June 1989 . Brussels : A. G. Leventis
Foundation/Vrije Universiteit Brussel/Universit é de Li è ge , 139–47.

—— ( 1999 ). Amathous before the 8th century BC. In M. Iacovou and D. Michaelides (eds),
Cyprus: Th e Historicity of the Geometric Horizon . Nicosia : Archaeological Research Unit,
University of Cyprus , 55–68.

—— ( 2000 ). Amathonte V: les fi gurines en terre cuite archa ï ques et classiques—Les sculptures en
pierre. Paris : Ecole fran ç aise d’Ath è nes /Nicosia: A. G. Leventis Foundation.

—— ( 2001 ). Naucratis et la sculpture é gyptisante à Chypre. In U. H ö ckmann and D. Kreikenbom
(eds), Naukratis. Die Beziehungen zu Ostgriechenland, Ä gypten und Zypern in archaischer
Zeit . Möhnesee : Bibliopolis , 27–38.

—— ( 2008 ). Les liens entre Kition et Amrit au Ve si è cle avant J.-C. Cahiers du Centre d’études
chypriotes 37 : 167–84 .

—— ( 2009 ). Ionian styles in Cypriote sculpture of the sixth century BC. In V. Karageorghis and
O. Kouka (eds), Cyprus and the East Aegean: Intercultural Contacts from 3000 to 500 BC .
Nicosia : A. G. Leventis Foundation , 244–51.

—— and O. Masson ( 1982 ). Inscriptions d’Amathonte IV . Bulletin de correspondance hell é nique
106 : 235–44 .

53_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 81953_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 819 11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM



 the archaeological record

Iacovou , M . ( 1988 ). Th e Pictorial Pottery of Eleventh Century B.C. Cyprus . Göteborg : Å str ö ms .
—— ( 2002a ). Amathous: an Early Iron Age polity in Cyprus—Th e chronology of its foundation .

Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cypru s 2002: 101–26 .
—— ( 2002b ). From ten to naught: formation, consolidation and abolition of Cyprus’ Iron Age

polities . Cahier du Centre d’études chypriotes 32 : 73–87 .
—— ( 2004 ). Phoenicia and Cyprus in the fi rst millennium BC: two distinct cultures in search

of their distinct archaeologies . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 336 :
61–6 .

—— ( 2005a ). Th e Early Iron Age urban forms of Cyprus. In R. Osborne and B. W. Cunliff e (eds),
Mediterranean Urbanization 800–600 B.C. Oxford : Oxford University Press for the British
Academy , 17–43.

—— ( 2005b ). Cyprus at the dawn of the fi rst millennium BC: cultural homogenization versus
the tyranny of ethnic identifi cations. In J. Clarke (ed.), Archaeological Perspectives on the
Transmission and Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean . Oxford : Oxbow ,
125–34.

—— ( 2006a ). ‘Greeks’, ‘Phoenicians’ and ‘Eteocypriots’: ethnic identities in the Cypriote
kingdoms. In J. Chrysostomides and C.Dendrinos (eds), ‘Sweet Land’: Lectures on the History
and Culture of Cyprus . Camberley : Porphyrogenitus , 24–59.

—— ( 2006b ). From the Mycenaean qa-si-re-u to the Cypriote pa-si-le-wo-se : the Basileus in the
kingdoms of Cyprus. In S. Deger-Jalkotzy and I. S. Lemos (eds), Ancient Greece from the
Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 315–36.

—— ( 2007a ). Advocating Cyprocentricism: an indigenous model for the emergence of state
formation on the Mediterranean’s easternmost island. In S. W. Crawford , A. Ben-Tor , J. P.
Dessel , W. G. Dever , A. Mazar , and J. Aviram (eds), ‘Up to the Gates of Ekron’: Essays on the
Archaeology and History of the Eastern Mediterranean in Honor of Seymour Gitin . Jerusalem :
Israel Exploration Society , 461–75.

—— ( 2007b ). Site size estimates and the diversity factor in Late Cypriote settlement histories .
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 348 : 1–23 .

—— ( 2008a ). Cultural and political confi gurations in Iron Age Cyprus: the sequel to a
protohistoric episode . American Journal of Archaeology 112 : 625–57 .

—— ( 2008b ). Cyprus from migration to Hellenisation. In G. R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), Greek
Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas, vol. 2 . Leiden :
Brill , 219–88.

—— ( 2012 ). From regional gateway to Cypriot kingdom: copper deposits and copper routes
in the chora of Paphos. In V. Kassianidou and G. Papasavvas (eds), Eastern Mediterranean
Metallurgy and Metalwork in the Second Millennium BC: A Conference in Honour of James D.
Muhly . Oxford : Oxbow, 58–69 .

—— ( 2013 ). Th e Cypriot syllabary as a royal signature: the political context of the syllabic script
in the Iron Age. In P. Steele (ed.), Syllabic Writing on Cyprus and Its Context . Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press, 133–52.

—— and A. Hermary ( 1999 ). Amathus Diplostrati T.109 . Report of the Department of Antiquities,
Cyprus 1999: 151–62 .

Karageorghis , V . ( 1963 ). Une tombe de guerrier à Palaepaphos . Bulletin de correspondance
hell é nique 87 : 265–300

—— ( 1969 ). Salamis: Recent Discoveries in Cyprus . New York : McGraw-Hill .
—— ( 1970 ). Note on sigynnae and obeloi . Bulletin de correspondance hell é nique 94 : 35–44 .
—— ( 1972 ). Two built tombs at Patriki, Cyprus . Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus

1972: 161–80 .

53_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 82053_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 820 11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM



cyprus during the iron age through the persian period 

—— ( 1973 ). Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis, vol. 3 . Nicosia : Department of
Antiquities .

—— ( 1975 ). Alaas: A Protogeometric Necropolis in Cyprus . Nicosia : Department of Anti quities .
—— ( 1983 ). Palaepaphos-Skales: An Iron Age Cemetery in Cyprus . Konstanz : Universi-

t ä tsverlag.
—— ( 1995 ). Cyprus and the Phoenicians: achievement and perspectives. In I fenici—ieri, oggi,

domani: ricerche, scoperte, progetti . Rome : Gruppo editoriale internazionale , 327–34.
—— ( 2000 ). Ancient Art from Cyprus: Th e Cesnola Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of

Art . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art .
—— ( 2002a ). Early Cyprus: Crossroads of the Mediterranean . Los Angeles : J. Paul Getty

Museum .
—— ( 2002b ). La n é cropole ‘royale’ de Salamine quarante ans apr è s . Cahier du Centre d’études

chypriotes 32 : 19–29 .
—— ( 2007 ). Cyprus and Sidon: two thousand years of interconnections . Cahiers du Centre

d’études chypriotes 37 : 41–52 .
—— ( 2008 ). Interconnections between Cyprus and Lebanon from the Bronze Age to the end

of the Archaic period. In C. Doumet-Serhal (ed.), Networking Patterns of the Bronze and
Iron Age Levant: Th e Lebanon and Its Mediterranean Connections . London : Lebanese British
Friends of the National Museum , 325–37

—— N. Kourou , V. Kilikoglou , and M. D. Glascock . ( 2009 ). Terracotta Statues and Figurines
of Cypriote Type Found in the Aegean: Provenance Studies . Nicosia : A. G. Leventis
Foundation .

—— and F. Lo Schiavo ( 1989 ). A west Mediterranean obelos from Amathus . Rivista di studi
fenici 17 : 15–29 .

Kassianidou , V . ( 2000 ). Hellenistic and Roman mining in Cyprus. In G. K. Ioannides and S. A.
Hadjistyllis (eds), Acts of the Th ird International Congress of Cypriot Studies (Nicosia, April
1996), vol. 1 . Nicosia : Society of Cypriot Studies , 745–56.

Knapp , A. B . ( 2008 ). Insularity, Connectivity and Identity: Prehistoric and Protohistoric Cyprus .
Oxford : Oxford University Press .

Koehl , R. B. ( 1985 ). Sarepta 3: Th e Imported Bronze and Iron Age Wares from Area II, X—Th e
University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania Excavations at Sarafand, Lebanon .
Beirut : Librairie Orientale .

Kourou , N . ( 2008 ). Th e Aegean and the Levant in the Early Iron Age: recent developments. In
C. Doumet-Serhal (ed.), Networking Patterns of the Bronze and Iron Age Levant: Th e Lebanon
and Its Mediterranean Connections . London : Lebanese British Friends of the National
Museum , 361–74.

—— V. Karageorghis , Y. Maniatis , K. Polikreti , Y. Bassiakos , and C. Xephontos ( 2002 ). Limestone
Statuettes of Cypriote Type Found in the Aegean: Provenance Studies . Nicosia : A. G. Leventis
Foundation .

Kraay , C. M. ( 1976 ). Archaic and Classical Greek Coins . London : Methuen .
Lembke , K . ( 2004 ). Die Skulpturen aus dem Quellheiligtum von Amrit: Studie zur Akkulturation

in Ph ö nizien. Mainz am Rhein : von Zabern .
Lemos , I. S. ( 2002 ). Th e Protogeometric Aegean: Th e Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth

Centuries BC . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
—— and H. Hatcher ( 1991 ). Early Greek vases in Cyprus: Euboean and Attic . Oxford Journal of

Archaeology 10 : 197–208 .
Lipi ń ski , E . ( 1991 ). Th e Cypriot vassals of Esarhaddon . Scripta Hierosolymitana 33 : 58–64 .
—— ( 2004 ). Itineraria Phoenicia . Leuven : Peeters .

53_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 82153_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 821 11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM



 the archaeological record

Maier , F. G . ( 1989 ). Priest kings in Cyprus. In E. J. Peltenburg (ed.), Early Society in Cyprus .
Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press/National Museums of Scotland/A. G. Leventis
Foundation , 376–91.

Marangou , A . ( 2000 ). Th e Consul Luigi Palma di Censola, 1832–1904: Life and Deeds . Nicosia :
Cultural Centre of the Popular Bank Group .

Markoe , G . ( 1985 ). Phoenician Bronze and Silver Bowls from Cyprus and the Mediterranean .
Berkeley : University of California Press .

—— ( 2000 ). Th e Phoenicians . Berkeley : University of California Press .
Masson , O . ( 1983 ). Les inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques: recueil critique et comment é . Paris :

De Boccard .
—— and M. Sznycer ( 1972 ). Recherches sur les Ph é niciens à Chypre . Paris : Droz .
Matth ä us , H . ( 2007 ). Th e royal tombs of Tamassos . Cahiers du Centre d’études chypriotes 37 :

211–30 .
McFadden , G. H. ( 1954 ). A Late Cypriote III tomb from Kourion Kaloriziki No. 40 . American

Journal of Archaeology 58 : 131–42 .
Mehl , A . ( 2004 ). Cypriot city kingdoms: no problem in the Neo-Assyrian, Late Egyptian and

Persian empires, but why were they abolished under Macedonian rule? Epetirida Kentrou
Epistimonikon Erevnon 30 : 9–21 .

Michaelidou-Nicolaou , I . ( 1993 ). Nouveaux documents pour le syllabaire chypriote . Bulletin de
correspondance hell é nique 117 : 346–7 .

Muhly , J. D. ( 2003 ). Trade in metals in the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. In N. C. Stampolidis
and V. Karageorghis (eds), Sea Routes: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th–6th c. BC .
Nicosia : University of Crete/A. G. Leventis Foundation , 141–9.

—— ( 2009 ). Th e origin of the name ‘Ionian’. In V. Karageorghis and O. Kouka (eds), Cyprus
and the East Aegean: Intercultural Contacts from 3000 to 500 BC . Nicosia : A. G. Leventis
Foundation , 23–30.

Myres , J. L. ( 1910 ). A tomb of the Early Iron Age from Kition . Liverpool Annals in Archaeology
and Anthropology 3 : 107–17 .

Panayotou-Triantafyllopoulou , A . ( 2006 ). Languages and scripts in ancient Cyprus. In J.
Chrysostomides and C. Dendrinos (eds), ‘Sweet Land’: Lectures on the History and Culture
of Cyprus . Camberley : Porphyrogenitus , 61–75.

Papantoniou , G . ( 2012 ). Religion and Social Transformations in Cyprus: From the Cypriot Basileis
to the Hellenistic Strategos . Leiden: Brill.

Papasavvas , G. ( 2001 ). Ch á lkinoi ypost á tes ap ó tin K ý pro kai tin Kriti tripodiko í kai tetr á pleuroi
ypost á tes ap ó tin ý steri epochi tou chalko ú é os tin pro ï mi epochi tou sidirou . Nicosia : A. G.
Leventis Foundation .

Peltenburg , E. J. ( 2007 ). Hathor, faience and copper on Late Bronze Age Cyprus . Cahier du
Centre d’études chypriotes 37 : 375–94 .

Petit , T . ( 2002 ). Sanctuaires palatiaux d’Amathonte . Cahier du Centre d’études chypriotes 32 :
289–326 .

Pickles , S. , and E. J. Peltenburg ( 1998 ). Metallurgy, society and the Bronze/Iron transition in
the east Mediterranean and the Near East . Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus
1998: 67–100 .

Pieridou , A . ( 1970 ). Κυπριακά Πλαστικά Αγγεία . Report of the Department of Antiquities,
Cyprus 1970: 92–102 .

—— ( 1971 ). Κυπριακά Τελετουργικά Αγγεία . Report of the Department of Antiquities , Cyprus
1971: 18–26 .

—— ( 1973 ). O protogeometrikos rythmos en Kypro . Athens : Archaiologike Hetaireia .

53_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 82253_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 822 11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM



cyprus during the iron age through the persian period 

Pilides , D. , and A. Destrooper-Georgiades ( 2008 ). A hoard of silver coins from the plot on the
corner of Nikokreontos and Hadjopoullou Streets . Report of the Department of Antiquities,
Cyprus 2008: 307–35 .

Reyes , A. T. ( 1994 ). Archaic Cyprus: A Study of the Textual and Archaeological Evidence. Oxford :
Clarendon Press /New York: Oxford University Press.

Satraki , A . ( 2008 ). Μ anifestations of royalty in Cypriot sculpture. In G. Papantoniou (ed.),
POCA 2005: Postgraduate Cypriot Archaeology . Oxford : Archaeopress , 27–35.

Schreiber , N . ( 2003 ). Th e Cypro-Phoenician Pottery of the Iron Age . Leiden : Brill .
Sherratt , E. S . ( 1991 ). Cypriot pottery of Aegean type in LCII–III: problems of classifi cation,

chronology and interpretation. In J. A. Barlow , D. R. Bolger , and B. Kling (eds), Cypriot
Ceramics: Reading the Prehistoric Record . Philadelphia : University Museum of Archaeology
and Anthropology , University of Pennsylvania, 185–98.

—— ( 1994 ). Commerce, iron and ideology: metallurgical innovation in 12th–11th century
Cyprus. In V. Karageorghis (ed.), Cyprus in the 11th Century B.C.: Proceedings of the
International Symposium Organized by the Archaeological Research Unit of the University of
Cyprus and the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation, Nicosia, 30–31 October 1993 . Nicosia : A.
G. Leventis Foundation , 59–107.

—— ( 1998 ). Sea Peoples and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the
eastern Mediterranean. In S. Gitin , A. Mazar , and E. Stern (eds), Mediterranean Peoples in
Transition: Th irteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE . Jerusalem : Israel Exploration Society ,
292–313.

Snodgrass , A. M. ( 1980 ). Iron and early metallurgy in the Mediterranean. In T. A. Wertime and
J. D. Muhly (eds), Th e Coming of the Age of Iron . New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press ,
335–74.

—— ( 1987 ). An Archaeology of Greece: Th e Present State and Future Scope of a Discipline .
Berkeley : University of California Press .

—— ( 1994 ). Gains, losses and survivals: what we infer for the 11th century BC. In V. Karageorghis
(ed.), Cyprus in the 11th Century B.C.: Proceedings of the International Symposium Organized
by the Archaeological Research Unit of the University of Cyprus and the Anastasios G. Leventis
Foundation, Nicosia, 30–31 October 1993 . Nicosia : A. G. Leventis Foundation , 167–73.

South , A. K. ( 2002 ). Late Bronze Age settlement patterns in southern Cyprus: the fi rst kingdoms?
Cahier du Centre d’études chypriotes 32 : 59–72 .

Stampolides , N. C. ( 2009 ). Can Crete be excluded? Direct or indirect contacts among Cyprus,
the east Aegean and Crete during the Geometric–Archaic periods. In V. Karageorghis and
O. Kouka (eds), Cyprus and the East Aegean: Intercultural Contacts from 3000 to 500 BC .
Nicosia : A. G. Leventis Foundation , 94–102.

Steel , L . ( 2004 ). Cyprus before History: From the Earliest Settlers to the End of the Bronze Age .
London : Duckworth .

Stucky , R. A. ( 1993 ). Die Skulpturen aus dem Eschmun-Heiligtum bei Sidon: Griechische,
r ö mische, kyprische and ph ö nizische Statuen und Reliefs vom 6. Jahrhundert vor Chr. bis zum
3. Jahrhundert nach Chr . Basel : Vereinigung der Freunde antiker Kunst .

Stylianou , P. J. ( 1989 ). Th e Age of the Kingdoms: A Political History of Cyprus in the Archaic and
Classical Periods . Nicosia : Archbishop Makarios III Foundation .

Tytgat , C . ( 1989 ). Les n é cropoles sud-ouest et sud-est d’Amathonte I: les tombes 110–385. Nicosia :
É cole franc ̡ aise d’Athènes/A. G. Leventis Foundation .

Vokotopoulou , I. , and A.-P. Christides ( 1995 ) A Cypriot graffi to on an SOS amphora from
Mende, Chalcidice . Kadmos 34 : 5–12 .

53_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 82353_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 823 11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM



 the archaeological record

Webb , J. M. ( 1999 ). Ritual Architecture, Iconography and Practice in the Late Cypriot Bronze Age .
Jonsered : Å str ö ms .

Wheeler , T. S. , and R. Maddin ( 1980 ). Metallurgy and Ancient Man. In T. A. Wertime and J.
D. Muhly (eds), Th e Coming of the Age of Iron . New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press ,
99–126.

Yon , M . ( 2004 ). Kition dans les textes: testimonia et corpus é pigraphique. Paris : Recherche sur
les civilisations .

—— ( 2006 ). Kition de Chypre. Paris : Recherche sur les civilisations .
—— and F. Malbran-Labat ( 1995 ). La st è le de Sargon II à Chypre. In A. Caubet (ed.),

Khorsabad, le palais de Sargon II, roi d’Assyrie: Actes du colloque organis é au mus é e du
Louvre par le Service culturel les 21 et 22 janvier 1994 . Paris : La Documentation franc ̡ aise ,
159–79.



53_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 82453_MargreetLSteiner_Ch53.indd 824 11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM11/9/2013 11:59:55 AM